阅读理解生词太多怎么破?定语从句知识点熟透了吗(汇编两篇)
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阅读理解生词太多怎么破?七招制敌
在阅读理解中,考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难,影响阅读的速度。
其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念,用上下文去确定词汇的含义。同学们在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手:
1根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义
在有be,call等判断词出现的句子中,可以根据已知部分,猜测生词的含义。例如:
A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter。
通过理解定语从句的意思,能猜出carpenter是“木匠”的意思。
2根据对比关系猜测生词的词义
在有but,however,yet,otherwise,though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中,其前后的词有明显的对比关系,根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如:
Though Tom‘s face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby。
和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。
3通过因果关系猜测词义
because,since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词,so是连接结果状语从句的连词,so...that...与such...that...中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中,通过因果关系,依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如:
She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long。
根据because从句所讲的意思,我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。
4根据生活常识猜测词义
运用逻辑推理能力,自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分,可以正确猜出词义。例如:
Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold。
根据句子意思及生活经验,wither是“枯萎”的意思。
5根据同等关系猜测词义
同等关系,指的是一个词,一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是,这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如:
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy。
从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。
6根据列举的事例猜测词义
You can take any of the periodicals:“The World of English”。“Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”,or“English Learning”。
从后面列举的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,杂志”的意思。
7根据构词法知识猜测词义
根据学过的构词法知识,知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义,就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如:
The colors of Hawaii in Summer are unforgettable。
forget 的意思是“忘记”,后缀"-able"表示“能够”,前缀“un”表示否定,所以“unforgettable”意思就是“无法忘记的”或“难忘的”。
高考英语:定语从句专项知识点
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句;如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如:
(1) I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2) I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下,只能用that 来引导定语从句:
1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3. 先行词既指人又指物时。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如:
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:
1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时,介词应放在动词之后,不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 该结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1. 位置上的区别:as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可插在主句的中间;而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如:
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2. 词义与联系上的区别:as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,as 本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句,which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1. 在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则,整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较:
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析:
第一题缺少表语,只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的选项均为干扰项。
第二题主句本身完整,应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语,故应选A项。
2. 从定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分,因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如:
错句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析:该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语,故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
总之,突破了以上六道难关,定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解。